Like Blue and White and Meretz, Ra’am has been stuck around the four-seat Knesset threshold. Pnina Tamano-Shatta. The Jewish State. (AP Photo/Ariel Schalit/File), “if not a fool’s errand, then a masochist’s one.”, for distributing amulets they claimed would protect supporters from COVID-19, a video of himself singing the United Torah Judaism jingle. That began to shift in the late 1990s as a number of smaller parties began to win growing shares of the national vote. This volatile context only underscores the need for a political solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which has lasted for far too long, and which remains crucial to sustainable peace in . (Oren Ben Hakoon/ Pool/ Flash90), Yamina party leader Naftali Bennett takes a selfie with supporters in the southern city of Sderot on March 17, 2021. Notable members: But it is likely to take a heavy hit in the next elections, with some polls projecting as low as 7 or 8 seats for the three Arab parties. With our custom essay offer, you Political Parties In Israel Evolution Of Israeli Democracy Praeger Special Studies In International Politics And Government|David M Zohar can be sure to get any type of essay help you are looking for. So, whomever you want as the next prime minister of Israel, here is a primer to all of the major parties, and some of the dark horses too. But since Israel is a parliamentary democracy that necessitates coalition building to achieve power, small parties can sometimes exercise outsized influence. For the next two decades, the parties traded power while retaining overall dominance, commanding between half and two-thirds of Knesset seats between them. The elections were held on March 23, 2021. Knesset Elections 2021: A Guide to Israel's Political Parties. [10] Ibid., 2020. Alongside Netanyahu at the top of the party’s Knesset slate are Health Minister Yuli Edelstein, a former Soviet dissident and former speaker of the Knesset, and Finance Minister Israel Katz, who has served for years in senior cabinet posts, including as minister of foreign affairs and minister of transportation. Likud 2020. Notable members: From the start of his campaign, Sa’ar has repeatedly vowed not to sit in a government headed by Netanyahu and the party says that its “main electoral pledge is to replace Netanyahu after 15 years in power, and restore respectful and accountable leadership for Israel.”, The party says it will prioritize West Bank settlements and reform the judicial system, placing itself firmly on the right of Israel’s political spectrum. However, Michaeli managed within a few weeks to breathe life into the almost deceased Labor and it is now polling at around six-seven seats. Joint List By. The Noam faction is best known for its blatant homophobia and stark opposition to LGBTQ+ rights. The party is known for silly pranks, like dressing up to file its registration, but has also championed the use of the internet in democratizing society. Shas is the largest of the Israeli religious parties and represents the interests of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews. During the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, Yamina saw a surge in the polls as Bennett positioned himself as a credible voice critical of the government’s pandemic response—he even went so far as to publish a book on the subject. UTJ advocates for many of the same positions as Shas, its Sephardi counterpart, including an erosion of the boundary between religion and state and basing Israeli law on Halacha and general social conservatism. Seder Hadash (New Order) [קך] seeks to change the electoral system to a constituency-based representative democracy, whereby regions vote for candidates to represent them in the Knesset. The series of elections begun in April 2019 are widely viewed as a referendum on Netanyahu and in an era when the political right is ascendant, Likud’s loyalty to its leader as he faces down corruption charges is perhaps its defining characteristic. Contemporary Israel. Current seats in Knesset: 4 Pronounced: k’NESS-et, Origin: Hebrew, Israel’s parliament, comprising 120 seats. The party has over the years pushed anti-Arab rhetoric and advocated for a two-state solution in which predominantly Arab cities become part of a Palestinian state and their residents lose their Israeli citizenship. But the slate broke apart in February, with Ra’am choosing to go its own way. Ra’am: Also known as the United Arab List, Ra’am is an Islamist party that broke from the larger Joint List. The January 2021 primary victory of Merav Michaeli, who had maintained credibility by remaining in the opposition, saw a resurgence of interest in the party, which is now consistently polling at 6 or more seats. Gantz and Netanyahu also arranged a rotation agreement under which the former would assume the premiership after 18 months. HaBilti Efshari Efshari (The Impossible is Possible) [ק] seeks to allow a vast expansion of foreign investments in Israeli markets, arguing that levies from such deals and future developments that they produce will bring billions into Israel’s coffers. Tel Aviv and Jerusalem: Am Oved and The Israel Democracy . Key figures: Avigdor Liberman is the main decision-maker within the party and he has complete control over its electoral slate. Netanyahu, who used racist dog whistles in past elections, warned of Arabs coming “in droves” to the polls, and chided his rivals as being too pro-Arab, has exacerbated the dispute within the Joint List for his own political gain by showing willingness to work with Abbas. LIKUD Likud finished in second place in the 2009 general election . The party has a solid base of support among the Sephardi and Mizrahi Haredi community, as well as a contingency of non-Haredi Mizrahim. The party was founded in 1984 by Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, the late Sephardic chief rabbi of Israel, as the voice of a community long marginalized by Israel’s Ashkenazi establishment. Its coalition had previously included the conservative Islamist Ra’am party, run by renegade Arab MK Mansour Abbas. In the Israeli general elections of March 2020, united Arab Palestinian political parties contesting under the umbrella group, The Joint List, achieved their greatest electoral success yet, as . In the March 2020 elections, the Joint List managed to garner 15 Knesset seats, the most for any Arab party in history, making it the third largest party in the Knesset. In addition to advocating for lowering taxes and trickle-down economic policies, Yamina has made clear that it still supports West Bank annexation and passing judicial reform to impose greater checks on the court system. Something you didn’t know: Earlier this month, pro-Netanyahu Saudi blogger Mohammed Saud posted a video of himself singing the United Torah Judaism jingle —  complete with Yiddishisms and stiff dance moves that would make elderly Ashkenazi Jews proud — while urging Haredi voters to stick to the party. Key figures: Nitzan Horowitz has been head of the party since 2019, when he won a primary following the first election round. But others have long viewed the community with suspicion. Despite having nine MKs, it failed to enter the Knesset in the 2006 elections. Political, ideological, and social polarization emerges most often in electoral systems with elements of electoral majoritarianism. Miri Regev (Minister of Transportation) Ideology: Haredi Judaism, social conservatism (Hadas Parush/ Flash90), Workers hang an election campaign billboard for the Likud Party showing a portrait of its leader Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, lower right, and opposition party leader Yair Lapid, upper right, next to a billboard of the Yisrael Beytenu Party showing its leader Avigdor Liberman, in Bnei Brak, March. The State of Israel on March 2, 2020 had its third parliamentary election for the Knesset in under a year. Ideology: Right-Wing, Nationalism Nir Barkat (Former Mayor of Jerusalem). Smotrich himself, who would in fact hold a ministry and serve as an important partner in the next Netanyahu government, has referred to himself as a “proud homophobe” and has stated that he believes Israel should be governed “as in the days of King David.”, Shas Lebanese citizens couldn't have guessed that their collective political and economic demise - already in tatters at the start of 2020 - could sink lower. Pronounced: yuh-HOO-dah or yuh-hoo-DAH (oo as in boot), Origin: Hebrew, Judah, one of Joseph’s brothers in the Torah. Derech Eretz MKs Yoaz Hendel and Tzvi Hauser of the Derech Eretz faction, aligned with Blue and White in the last three elections, have also joined New Right. But observers are paying close attention to how the main democratic parties shake out on the big Jewish issues: antisemitism and its various sources, and Israel and other foreign policy. However, such a situation is a rarity with us. After three elections and political deadlock, Israel finally swears in new government . Walid Taha. Florida is […] Something you may not have known: Odeh speaks Romanian, which he learned while studying law in the Eastern European country in the mid-1990s. (Raoul Wootliff/The Times of Israel), Larissa Trimbobler-Amir, wife of Yitzhak Rabin’s assassin, Yigal Amir, arrives at the Central Elections Committee to register a new party for her run in the upcoming Israeli elections, January 14, 2020. Israel is a parliamentary democracy in which citizens cast their vote for political parties which are then awarded seats in the legislature based on the proportion of the vote they receive. Far and away the highest priority for Arab voters is putting an end to the wave of violence and organized crime that has swept through their cities and towns in recent years. town of Bethlehem," the Christian community in Israel/Palestine continues to suffer as a result of the . Tweet on Twitter . Vol 26, Issue 2, 2020. The Israeli Electoral System. Among its normally loyal voters in the ultra-Orthodox community, hardliners are angry over the government-ordered closure of synagogues and yeshivas during the pandemic and others are disappointed with their representatives’ failure to communicate to its base the gravity of the health crisis and to condemn widespread violations. Israel's political system is based on proportional representation and allows for a multi-party system with numerous parties represented in the 120-seat Knesset.. A typical Knesset includes many factions represented. Although the Druze still vote for parties close to the political center and have not been part of radical political trends, they are currently voting differently than what was commonly observed until the end of the 1990s. The voting patterns in Druze society in Israel have changed radically during the past three decades. In the March 2020 elections, the Joint List managed to garner 15 Knesset seats, the most for any Arab party in history, making it the third largest party in the Knesset. The party was the architect of the secular socialist society that defined Israel’s early decades, but began a slow decline following the collapse of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process in the early 2000s, which Labor leader Yitzhak Rabin had championed. USIP's Ambassador Hesham Youssef examines the potential scenarios facing . Yamina (“to the right”) is an alliance of several right-wing and religious parties that is helmed by Naftali Bennett, a staunch nationalist and supporter of the settlement enterprise. Ideology: Right-wing, Nationalism Current seats in Knesset: 4 Yisrael Beytenu Sa’ar has accused Netanyahu of turning Likud into a “cult of personality” and has positioned himself as a right-wing alternative who is unburdened with corruption allegations, but beyond opposition to the prime minister, not much distinguishes New Hope from Likud in terms of ideology. Sa’ar had previously challenged Netanyahu for leadership of Likud in the party’s December 2019 primary, in which garnered a mere 27.5% of the vote to Netanyahu’s 72.5%. However, key members of Kachol Lavan announced that they would not under any circumstances sit in a government supported by the Joint List, thus foiling any attempt at turning the anti-Netanyahu majority into a governing coalition. Yair Lapid and Moshe Ya’alon withdrew their parties from the alliance in March 2020 after Gantz reneged on a campaign promise by joining a government with Netanyahu. Therefore, the Knesset voted on December 11 to dissolve itself and set March 2, 2020, as the date for a third general election within a year. These parties, which call for turning Israel into a “Halachic” state (a state governed by Jewish religious law) and support racist, discriminatory policies against Arab citizens, united under the Religious Zionism umbrella in early February 2021. With several weeks to go until the March 2021 election, the party is currently on track to lose several seats, due to the schism with Ra’am and growing dissatisfaction with the party from within the Arab community. Contemporary Israel. (Yonatan Sindel/Flash90), Israelis count the remaining ballots at the Israeli parliament in Jerusalem, a day after the general elections, early on March 4, 2020. Though Gantz has admitted that he believes joining with Netanyahu was a mistake, he has defended his role in the government as a crucial check on Likud’s power. While the party has not led its own slate in over a decade, this time party head Bezalel Smotrich is sitting atop the pile and is no longer even the most hardline lawmaker on the party’s Knesset list. Position on Two-State Solution: Ambiguous On January 28, 2021, Ra’am officially split from the Joint List. Its principal concerns were traditionally securing public financial support for its constituents and promoting Orthodox Judaism. Michaeli does not reject the notion of sitting in a government with right-wing parties such as Yamina, New Hope, and Yisrael Beytenu, but has ruled out joining Netanyahu. Founded in 1992 as a joint list of several left-wing parties, Meretz has since served as the left-most flank of the Jewish Israeli political landscape (aside from the nominally Arab-Jewish Hadash party, which runs as a member of the Joint List). (Yonatan Sindel/Flash90), Meretz chief Nitzan Horowitz and supporters of his left-wing party protest against the government’s decision to keep schools closed, outside the Education Ministry in Tel Aviv, February 9, 2021. Yesh Atid’s political agenda focuses on socio-economic issues and promoting governance and rule of law, particularly in light of Netanyahu’s refusal to step down after being indicted for corruption. Likud’s political philosophy is also characterized by economic liberalism that historically set it apart from its socialist rival, Labor, although these distinctions have become less important since privatization in the 1980s. In the wake of the Second Intifada and the Gaza disengagement in the early 2000s, the party’s influence waned as the Israeli left struggled to win over Israeli voters with its pro-peace narrative and much of the party’s former base turned to centrist alternatives like Kadima, Yesh Atid, and Kachol Lavan. Tue 22 Dec 2020 19.01 EST. Since then, Lapid has since served as a prominent figure in the opposition. . Its numbers have been boosted by Netanyahu pushing the party as an acceptable alternative to his own. Religious Zionist: This hard-right Orthodox party opposes territorial concessions to the Palestinians and is led by Bezalel Smotrich, a controversial figure who opposes gay rights and made incendiary statements about stripping Israeli Arabs of their citizenship. The parties have occasionally run on separate lists as well, due to internal disputes on the distribution of Knesset seats, but have run together in the previous few elections. Key figures: Michaeli is a former TV anchor, columnist, and feminist activist who became known for sharp critiques of chauvinism and domestic abuse. Israel's political stalemate is unmoved by the conflict with Hamas. Under the power-sharing deal that underpinned the coalition, a failure to pass a budget was the lone loophole that enabled Netanyahu to avoid having to give up the premiership to Gantz in November 2021. Most polls have shown it getting enough votes for four seats, but rarely any more than that, and sometimes less. Religious Zionism Joint List MKs have also pledged to ease the housing crisis in Arab cities by fighting legislation they charge targets illegal construction in Arab cities. Shas (an acronym for Shomrei Sfarad, or “Sephardic Guardians”—its full legal name translates to the “International Union of Sephardic Torah Guardians”) is one of the two Haredi parties in the Knesset. He resigned last year, amid the pandemic, in protest of the closure of yeshivas and synagogues and after contracting COVID-19 himself. Israel's Parliament Sworn In, but Paralyzed Due to Coronavirus, Political Spat . As per Israeli logic, the more bombs Israel drops over Syria, the more relevant a player it will become when the conflicting parties engage in future negotiations to sort out the fate of that country. Yamina (Rightward) is a right-wing political party led by Naftali Bennet, and previously led by his political partner, Ayelet Shaked. What the party is pitching: Labor’s new leader MK Merav Michaeli has promised “a pink-collar workers’ revolution,” as she aims to distinguish her party from the rest of the male-dominant field with a slew of gender-related proposals across a range of issues. The party is firmly committed to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and has ruled out a government not ruled by him. Unencumbered by the more mainstream Yamina, its one-time partner, Religious Zionism is free from even attempting to appeal to the diverse national-religious sector. It polls strongly among Bedouins in the south, and has some support among conservative Muslims in central and northern Israel. In ultra-Orthodox towns, represented by political parties that have long been bulwarks of Netanyahu's governments, synagogues were preparing for . In recent memory, only one student politician has toppled the reign of Hadash in Israel’s oldest university — Ra’am leader Mansour Abbas. Something you may not have known: Party member Ophir Sofer was given the No. (Miriam Alster/Flash90), Leader of the Joint List Ayman Odeh, left, and Ahmad Tibi present the Joint List’s campaign in Nof HaGalil on February 20, 2021. WM: Well Jimmy for th. Israel’s 2006 Elections: With a Whimper, Not a Bang. Abbas’s supporters call him pragmatic and say he is committed to fighting for tangible legislative accomplishments for ordinary people. September 18, 2020, 3:05 PM. 5 October 2020. Key figures: Founder Yair Lapid, a former popular columnist and talk-show host, is the party’s public face and most influential personality, with sole discretion over placing candidates on the party slate. Sami Abu Shehadeh (Leader of Balad). Its new party leader, MK Moshe Gafni, has also said he won’t join a government without a commitment that it would pass a law that would allow the Knesset to override the High Court of Justice, in a bid to reverse rulings related to religion and state. Am Shalem (Whole Nation) [רף] – Party leader, former Shas MK Haim Amsalem sent shock waves through the ultra-Orthodox political world when he split from the party in 2011 in protest of its opposition to drafting yeshiva students into the military. © 2021 Israel Policy Forum. The remaining parties currently seated in the Knesset are small, with six or fewer seats. Joining Smotrich on the list is Otzma Yehudit chairman Itamar Ben Gvir, a disciple of extremist rabbi Meir Kahane. Who's who in Israel's new patchwork coalition government. The remaining ballots from soldiers and absentees being counted at the Knesset on April 10, 2019, a day . Historically, the party has been skeptical about the possibility of peace with the Palestinians and supportive of the Israeli settlement enterprise, though Begin was the first Israeli prime minister to conclude a peace agreement with an Arab country when he signed a peace treaty with Egypt in 1979. Israel's roughly 88,000 legal foreign workers are formally protected from exploitation by employers, but these guarantees are poorly enforced. Yifat Shasha Bitton Amazingly, the previous record was also held by Meshicha who in the 2013 elections won 461 votes — then the lowest ever — with his now-defunct Tradition of the Fathers party. In the 2020 elections, no women will lead any major parties. Omer Bar-Lev Click the election year to reach the Kneesset website for the particular election. Zvi Hauser is part of a complicated and somewhat unprecedented coalition . Polls: Yesh Atid is the second-largest party in polls over the past month, garnering 18 to 20 seats this week, after a slow but steady rise since late December. HaMapatz HaChevrati (The Social Breakthrough) [י] is made up of social workers, community organizers and social activists and aims to “make the Israeli government take responsibility for its citizens by providing welfare to allow all Israeli citizens to enjoy a good life.”. Elected to the Knesset in 1999, Litzman was the de facto head of the health ministry for over a decade, serving as either deputy or full health minister from 2009 until mid-2020. Yamina What the party is pitching: The United Arab List is, first and foremost, a socially conservative Islamic party. Polling: While surveys initially showed the party falling short of the threshold, recent polls have showed it getting as many as five or six seats. Ideology: Liberal Zionism, Social Democracy, Left-Wing, Leader: Benny Gantz (Defense Minister and Alternate Prime Minister), Ideology: Center/Center-Right, Nationalism, Position on Two-State Solution: Vaguely supportive, Gabi Ashkenazi (Foreign Minister) (not running for re-election), Omer Yankelevich (Minister of Diaspora Affairs) (not running for re-election), Ideology: Far-right, Religious Zionist, Ultranationalism, Conservatism, Kahanism, Leader: Aryeh Deri (Minister of the Interior), Ideology: Haredi Judaism, social conservatism, Position on Two-State Solution: Ambiguous, Leader: Yaakov Litzman (Minister of Housing and Construction; leader of Agudat Yisrael faction), Ideology: Hareid Judaism, social conservatism, Position on two-state solution: Ambiguous, Moshe Gafni (Leader of Degel HaTorah faction), Ideologies: Two-state solution, Non-/Anti-Zionism, left-wing, Arab nationalism, Ideology: Islamism, Anti-Zionism, political conservatism, Ideology: Nationalism, Secularism, Center-Right, U.S.-Israel Relationship and Israel’s Security, View Israel Policy Forum's 2021 Elections Fact Sheet. 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