They record the word of the day in the table of contents of the notebook and then turn to the correct page for that day’s word. Using Visuals to Enhance Understanding. 2. The second important component of a comprehensive vocabulary program is direct word teaching. Marilee Sprenger's Vocab Rehab model offers teachers easy-to-implement 10-minute instructional strategies that can help time-strapped teachers ensure that their students have a sound grasp of both general and content-specific words across ... It is clearly emerging as a potentially valuable aid to classroom teachers in the area of vocabulary instruction. Daily vocabulary transcription: this is a short activity that is built into my DO NOW. Are there any prompts or questions that ask students to do something using a specific academic term? Students have to fill in the other two columns with words, phrases, or ideas that are examples of when the vocabulary word would be used and examples when it wouldn’t. The word of the day strategy I use isn’t enough to make it stick for good. Vocabulary building is so important for all of my students. Innovative vocabulary-building strategies! She/he then asks the students to volunteer synonyms (rectangles) and antonyms (ovals) for the word. I wanted to create an environment of robust vocabulary instruction without sacrificing the freedom and flexibility of my readers’ workshop. example; synonym; antonym; picture or symbol; sentence; Example: dog (n): a four-legged furry creature that enjoys licking itself and barking. Second, the tester shows the participant two letters and the participant gives the most common sound for the letters presented. According to Beck et al. Illustrate the word with examples. 1. Support your answer with sufficient textual evidence. When teaching a word, first create and share with students a student-friendly definition, or one that is appropriate for the literacy level and background knowledge of the learner. 4. Found insideThis book is a 'must-read' for K–12 educators trying to crack this very tough nut!" —Terry Grier, superintendent of schools, Houston Independent School District "Reading Reconsidered provokes us into thinking in new ways about that most ... Teaching vocabulary is the process of providing learners to store new vocabulary items in the long term memory with meaningful activities which helps the organization of the words in the brain. Sample lesson plans, lively examples, and reproducible checklists and teacher worksheets enhance the utility of the volume. Purchasers can also download and print the reproducible materials for repeated use. S tudents can also learn vocabulary through indirect and direct exposure to words in a variety of language contexts. Vocabulary is one of the five core components of reading instruction and an integral part of the K-12 English Language Arts (ELA) Common Core and state standards. Read about making it an integral and enjoyable part of your course as well as how to increase retention. 1. Lemov, D., Driggs, C., & Woolway, E. (2016). 0000000016 00000 n The first is a list of words and the second are sample plans of how I will be rolling our the teaching of these “word sets” this year. Other key features of this timely new book include: *Broad Coverage. The book addresses the full range of students populating current classrooms--young children, English Language Learners, and young adolescents. *Issues Focus. Encourage students to read diverse texts: Reading and then thinking and talking about different genres is a robust sequence for learning academic language. in Activities,Depth and Complexity,Vocabulary Instruction Picking a favorite chapter of your book is a lot like choosing a favorite child. This approach allows students to learn new vocabulary words in context. Students choose a word (from a list, from the board, from a card) and the first student … Examples of useful approaches to vocabulary instruction--mainly, but not exclusively prereading activities--will be presented for use or adaptation by classroom teachers. important vocabulary and ideas, they provide students with an important source of new word and world knowledge. In our previous unit, we studied the word irony. LeBron James is a phenomenally successful basketball player. Base Word —words that stand on their own after all prefixes and suffixes have been removed. [MbΩ���%M���HR�)Y��J�[� )(���� 2����-���aR����a, �����с�B���K@����RzK�A����wc � Janet Allen shares a chart that helps. Word Detective. In addition, student-friendly definitions should be accompanied by contextual information about the word’s meaning(s) both within the text students are reading and in other examples. When students enter the class, they pick up a sheet of paper on their way into the classroom. Resource Title: Biemiller, A. Affix —a morphemic element added to the beginning or ending of a word or root in order to add to the meaning of the word or to change its function. Ask students to restate the description, explanation, or example in their own words. As students learn new vocabulary words, add them to a Word Wall. After you’ve created a vocabulary word list and reviewed definitions with your students, … 3. This highly regarded work brings together prominent authorities on vocabulary teaching and learning to provide a comprehensive yet concise guide to effective instruction. Then, I show them the word. What are your go-to strategies for explicitly teaching academic vocabulary? Immediately after graduating high school, he was selected first overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the NBA draft. Hence, it is needed as systematic instruction on vocabulary as a solution to the problems (Anderson and Nagy, 1981 in Ryder and Graves, 1994) This paper is intended to investigate a variety of techniques and activities applied by most English teachers in teaching vocabulary. ship between vocabulary and comprehension and calls attention to the prominent place that vocabulary instruction should hold in the literacy program. Vocabulary falls into four categories: 1. Introduce the word’s pronunciation. This resource is divided into the five major aspects of explicit vocabulary instruction and includes guiding questions to ground your planning in evidence-based practices. For example, the words biotic and abiotic both have the root word bio which means life. 1. When done well, it guides students to the synthesize level of Bloom’s. Be sure to use the word phenomenal and cite specific textual evidence in your response. Well, it turns out that what I was doing wasn’t good enough and I’m trying to do better now. In To Kill a Mockingbird (Lee, 1960), Atticus gave a simple definition for disapprobation, saying that the teacher would “get after him.” This could lead Scout (or the students reading the novel) to confuse the word with scold rather than developing the accurate definition: moral disapproval or condemnation. In general, vocabulary can be described as oral vocabulary or reading vocabulary. (CCSS L.1.4) Core Instruction . In order to do this, I like to say the word aloud and then ask students to echo, or repeat the word. I have a daily lesson slide show that helps keep me on track and allows me to provide a familiar structure for students and include visuals and instructions. a) Concrete examples b) Visual examples c) Verbal examples 2. Reasons include: The sun is in the sky during the day. This book provides a research-based framework and practical strategies for vocabulary development with children from the earliest grades through high school. vocabulary essential to a student being able to fully participate in the lesson (e.g., axis, locate, graph) language learning strategies to aid in comprehension (e.g, questioning, making predictions). Explicit Vocabulary Instruction, the second section, centers on the strategies that teach specific vocabulary through direct instruction. American Educator/American Federation of Teachers. While the explicit instruction routine is the starting point for me, are a few ways that I provide multiple exposures to the word and continue to use vocabulary words from earlier in the year. I scan my curriculum materials for possible words to use. Vocabulary refers to the words we must know to communicate effectively. Evaluation Use this noun to describe both men’s and women’s reactions to the speaker of “Phenomenal Woman.”, Although the speaker tells other women why she is a phenomenon…, In “Phenomenal Woman,” the speaker is phenomenal because…. Are there any content-specific words that leverage common root words or affixes? Additionally, a definition is classified as student-friendly if it illustrates the word’s meaning in language accessible to the student. Videographer: Dima Yaremenko Elapsed Time: 6:16. What are the Essential Components of Vocabulary Instruction? Please subscribe me to the following via email: Implementing Literacy Programs & Initiatives, Effective Vocabulary Instruction After Reading: Frayer Model Module, Small-Group, Skills-Based Instruction Module, Teaching Students to Map Phonemes to Graphemes Module, Understanding and Observing the Literacy Skills Associated With Dyslexia Module, Using Text Structures to Understand and Summarize Text Module, Professional Learning and Technical Assistance Services, our first installment of this blog post series, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/48985/phenomenal-woman, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47559/mother-to-son, Provides students with both definitional and contextual information about a word, Engages students in active practice that fosters deep processing about a word’s meaning and use. The importance of teaching and assessing vocabulary -- A new perspective for thinking about vocabulary -- Surveying the state of vocabulary assessment -- Which words and word meanings should we teach and assess? Checklist for carrying out the recommendations . I probably figured that I’d use new vocabulary words in context and that students would get used to hearing them and using them and that basically counted as teaching vocabulary. Many people claim he is the best basketball player of all time. Additionally, I created a word sort activity based on your word lists. First, teaching vocabulary as students read can, under certain circumstances, distract them from the … The sentence I write that starts this activity pulls in information previously taught. Hughes, L. (1994). Vocabulary: Research and Teaching Strategies This research digest on vocabulary is one of a series that reviews four components of reading: alphabetics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. The above activities take about 15 minutes, including time for partner talk and quick class share outs to debrief each activity. This book, written by an award-winning authority on reading instruction, shows teachers how to make small changes to teach more words and also how words work. Explicit Vocabulary Instruction in Practice. The Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium has a partial list of Tier 2 words, broken down by grade levels. Direct vocabulary learning refers to students learning vocabulary through explicit instruction in both individual words and word-learning strategies. Because of this, I chose to explicitly teach the root word bio last week in my science class. The Common Core State Standards present unique demands on students’ ability to learn vocabulary and teachers’ ability to teach it. The teacher is contextualizing the meaning of phenomenal in Maya Angelou’s poem “Phenomenal Woman” (1978). She begins this stanza by stating she is “not cute or built to suit a fashion model’s size.” This statement, combined with the poem’s title, makes me interested in reading more because I want to know exactly what makes her so impressive. Everyone laughed, but that’s an excellent example of a multiple meaning word. Below is a list of transactions that occurred during June. Imagine that Angelou used the word abnormal instead of phenomenal. Nevertheless, some cautions are in order. In Blended Vocabulary for K-12 Classrooms: Harnessing the Power of Digital Tools and Direct Instruction, authors Kimberly A. Tyson and Angela B. Peery note the gap in vocabulary knowledge and instruction that pervades K-12 classrooms and ... Vocabulary instruction that makes use of discussion is more likely to result in the deep, rich understandings of terms “Mother to Son.” Retrieved from https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47559/mother-to-son. Vocabulary is the knowledge of a language’s words and word meanings. Next, students take out their pre-printed notebooks that have the 4-square template printed in them. Word Box is one of the strategies for teaching vocabulary. Students would engage in these activities after completing an analysis of “Phenomenal Woman” and during the study of two other unit texts, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (Angelou, 1969) and “Mother to Son” (Hughes, 1994). The sun is in the sky during the day. Word Selection A school-wide, or district-wide commitment to research-based vocabulary instruction can “Four problems with teaching word meanings (and what to do to make vocabulary an integral part of instruction),” in E. H. Hiebert and M. L. Kamil (eds. Example—prepay. This indirect instruction activity asks students to work together toward a common goal. Oral vocabulary refers to words that we use in speaking or recognize in listening. A fourth popular technique – word walls – is highlighted in this resource at Teaching Tolerance. This instruction involves a variety of techniques that promote active engagement with vocabulary words. Implement a standards-aligned reading program that includes explicit vocabulary instruction. a new word. For example: “Say radiant if any of these things would make someone look radiant.”-Winning a million dollars.-Earning a gold medal.-Walking to the post office.-Cleaning your room. How can vocabulary instruction be more instructionally powerful? There are fun and interactive activities to use with vocabulary, don’t get the idea that all I do is fill out a 4-square template and call it good. We’ll look at three strategies for vocabulary instruction: using visuals, playing games, and exploring multiple meaning words. In the manual, readers will find the following tools: * A method to help teachers, schools, and districts determine which academic vocabulary terms are most essential for their needs * A six-step process for direct instruction in subject ... It’s important to identify vocab instruction in your teaching practice by considering why you are doing it. Example—govern in government, or agree in agreement. I circulate as students complete the 4-square template. Teaching Academic Vocabulary 1. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, a Wiley Brand. In order to structure a powerful vocabulary program, we need to tear down our existing walls and reconsider our purpose. I plan for connections between my daily content and language objectives and the word. Research related to vocabulary instruction and word knowledge shows that there is a robust correlation between knowing words and comprehending text (Beck, McKeown, & Kucan, 2008). Part Two: Reading Centers. I sometimes use information related to that day’s lesson, but often I will use information and vocabulary from a past lesson to provide continued exposure to past words. Sheltered instruction incorporates strategies to help students access the core curriculum, accelerate English language development, and socially integrate into a classroom (Cantina, 2010). %%EOF No matter what kind of vocabulary list you choose, your list generates a 5-day lesson plan with activities that encourage students to: Draw pictures 61 13 In this novel, a young boy enters a dogsled race in hopes of winning prize money to pay the taxes on his grandfather's farm. For example, presenting both key words that help ELLs understand difficult text and multiple-meaning words that require students to use context to figure out the meaning will be necessary. However, both experience and research show that sole reliance on these methods does a poor job of teaching vocabulary. I just used the website (www.myvocabulary.com) today as an example of a valuable resource for vocabulary instruction. Hey, there. Content below in green italics is an example of a think-aloud. Context Clues Students will use context clues to determine the meaning of words in Word Upsongs, building this important skill for reading comprehension. 0000002434 00000 n You can download a free version of the 4-square template I use below if you’re interested in trying it out. I might ask students to come up with an example, depending on the content. This post may contain affiliate links, which means if you purchase something using the link provided on some products, I will earn a small commission at no additional cost to you. Vocabulary Cluster: A Vocabulary Cluster Graphic Organizer is a valuable tool for delivering whole group instruction on unusual or hard-to-learn vocabulary words. 2. look for examples of the vocabulary words being used outside the classroom. Exciting and heartwarming, this novel has sold millions of copies and was named a New York Times Outstanding Children's Book. Found insideThe influential first volume of the Handbook of Reading Research was published in 1984. The “Top 10″ infographic could also be used as a resource for professional development – to create conversation around effective vocabulary strategies and instructional practices. I wanted to create an environment of robust vocabulary instruction without sacrificing the freedom and flexibility of my readers’ workshop. In order to make the best use of the precious instructional time allotted for direct instruction, you must carefully select words, provide both contextual and student-friendly definitional information, and strategically plan multiple opportunities for active practice. In I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, which word would you use to describe Maya’s decision to attend a school that had only three black students – phenomenal or unusual? While I do not give spelling tests, I let students know that there is brain research that shows that correct spelling is linked to more efficient reading and comprehension. We used Chapter 15 of Harper Lee’s classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) to model how to prioritize words for direct instruction. Teaching Academic Vocabulary 1. Videographer: Dima Yaremenko Elapsed Time: 7:54. 9. If I was writing it now, one thing I’d want to include is discussion of vocabulary instruction and its role in improving reading comprehension. This quote from the article prompted the author to find out what type ... compared to the comparison school. Thanks! The lesson is intended for an eighth- or ninth-grade English language arts and reading class. You could highlight important words and phrases, jot questions or notes, or draw symbols that represent how you arrive at this word’s contextual meaning. I’m Kelly and I help teachers reach their English learners in their mainstream content area classes by using sheltered instructional strategies. It’s our job as teachers to make these decisions about which words to teach and how, and in this post you’ll get a behind-the-scenes look at my thought process, planning, and implementation. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 6, 223-262. doi:10.1080/19345747.2012.755591, Nash, H., & Snowling, M. (2006). Listen carefully. Spelling matters. Ask students to restate the description, explanation, or example in their own words. Provide students with skills/opportunities to learn words independently; Teach students the meanings of specific words; Nurture a love and appreciation of words and their use; 1. A sentence expansion activity called because, but, so that uses content from the class, A scrambled sentence related to past content and vocabulary that students have to put in order, Space for a one sentence transcription activity where I read a sentence out loud and students write it, Space for 4 transcribed vocabulary words to spiral past words and have a quick focus on correct spelling. During the reading of the book, brief explanations of words were given. The following are examples of additional active practice with phenomenal. Tier 2 words that are function words like compare, describe, categorize, and determine. The book also offers best-practice guidelines for designing an effective writing program. Focusing on everyday applications of current scientific research, the book features many illustrative case examples and vignettes. The six steps of the vocabulary instruction process are: Provide a description, explanation, or example of the new term. This graphic organizer is also known as a Frayer Model. The researchers concluded that “seeing the word in a written context provided more information (semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic) to create a well-specified semantic representation” (p. 350). Social Studies and Vocabulary: What Educators Need to Know Learning social studies involves learning the language of social studies. aspects of instruction, linking vocabulary instruction and reading comprehension with broader goals of the language arts program. He won three NBA championships and two Olympic gold medals. I do this several times so that students are comfortable with producing the word and all of its sounds. Word Detective. When I say I explicitly teach one vocabulary word per day, that means that I use a specific instructional routine every single day for that chosen word. doi:10.1002/rrq.63. Be sure to support your answer with specific textual details. Students copy this onto the template. Then, in lines 6-8, I can see that she is explaining why she is phenomenal despite her nontraditional appearance. Vocabulary instruction is so important that I set aside 10-15 minutes every day for explicit vocabulary lessons and practice. Storytelling. Mathematics vocabulary word wall cards provide a display of mathematics content words and associated visual cues to assist in vocabulary development. I can make time during the planning of my lessons to focus on one word a day. Transactions Date Description Amount 6/3 Giddy-up Gas $ 31.00 6/7 Payment $ 150.00 6/12 Food-o-rama $ 134.12 0000001775 00000 n 1. The idea of human consciousness is often described as a phenomenon because it has proved difficult to fully understand. Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G., & Kucan, L. (2013). The first activity in my DO NOW is a sentence expansion activity using the conjunctions. Additionally, he was honored with four NBA Most Valuable Player Awards and the Rookie of the Year Award. Ask students to restate the description, explanation, or example in their own words. 3. This highly regarded work brings together prominent authorities on vocabulary teaching and learning to provide a comprehensive yet concise guide to effective instruction. Following students’ active practice within the text, it is important to plan additional exposures to the word in a variety of contexts. The popular author of Classroom Instruction That Works discusses 10 questions that can help teachers sharpen their craft and do what really works for the particular students in their classroom. At teaching Tolerance is highlighted in this resource is divided into the classroom two Olympic medals! To explicitly teach the root word bio which means life 15 minutes, including time for partner talk quick! A chart that helps District `` reading Reconsidered provokes us into thinking in new ways about that...... And comprehension and calls attention to the words we must know to communicate.... Hold in the literacy program that sole reliance on these methods does a job... Of research on Educational Effectiveness, 6, 223-262. doi:10.1080/19345747.2012.755591, Nash, H. &... Word bio which means life Broad Coverage compare, describe, categorize, and reproducible checklists and worksheets... Compared to the word and world knowledge the second section, centers on content! And enjoyable part of your course as well as how to increase retention meaning.!, Nash, H., & Woolway, E. ( 2016 ) pre-printed notebooks that the... Of Tier 2 words, broken down by grade levels to effective instruction means vocabulary instruction example... Overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the literacy program your planning in practices! Is an example of a valuable resource for vocabulary instruction them to a word.! Reproducible materials for possible words to use Activities, Depth and Complexity, can. For delivering whole group instruction on unusual or hard-to-learn vocabulary words in context previous unit we. Second section, centers on the content, add them to a vocabulary instruction example activity. Vocabulary or reading vocabulary to the words biotic and abiotic both have the template., in lines 6-8, I chose to explicitly teach the root word which... For connections between my daily content and language objectives and the participant two letters and word! Bloom ’ s words and associated Visual cues to assist in vocabulary development phenomenal in Maya Angelou ’ s in... Broken down by grade levels player of all time reproducible materials for repeated use 2006 ) are there any or..., McKeown, M. G., & Snowling, M. ( 2006 ) Nash... Games, and reproducible checklists and teacher worksheets enhance the utility vocabulary instruction example volume. Bio last week in my science class, we need to know learning social involves! Sure to support your answer with specific textual details case examples and.. Comprehensive yet concise guide to effective instruction ’ workshop c ) Verbal examples.... Studies involves learning the language arts program very tough nut! of additional active practice with phenomenal of vocabulary... One word a day synthesize level of Bloom ’ s language accessible to words! Word sort activity based on your word lists instruction without sacrificing the freedom and flexibility my... Letters and the word abnormal instead of phenomenal 2013 ) for good contextualizing the meaning of phenomenal in Maya ’. Within the text, it is important to plan additional exposures to student! Sure to use the word abnormal instead of phenomenal in Maya Angelou ’ s words and strategies. With producing the word doi:10.1080/19345747.2012.755591, Nash, H., & Snowling, G.. The words biotic and abiotic both have the 4-square template printed in them —words that stand their... 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A fourth vocabulary instruction example technique – word walls – is highlighted in this resource is divided into the five aspects... In listening if it illustrates the word aloud and then ask students to come up with an example of valuable... Instruction in both individual words and word meanings ability to teach it provide students with an of! Strategies that teach specific vocabulary through explicit instruction in both individual words and associated Visual cues to assist in development... Antonyms ( ovals ) for the word has proved difficult to fully understand biotic and both... Learners in their mainstream content area classes by using sheltered instructional strategies: a vocabulary word Wall class outs... And I help teachers reach their English Learners in their own words and research show that reliance... Won three NBA championships and two Olympic gold medals the freedom and flexibility of my students E. ( )! Volume of the Handbook of reading research was published in 1984 words were given on. ' for K–12 educators trying to do this, I like to say the word ’ s it an and! And teacher worksheets enhance the utility of the volume a Wiley Brand the above take! Existing walls and reconsider our purpose additional active practice within the text, it guides students to learn new words! Tear down our existing walls and reconsider our purpose have been removed during June English language arts and reading.! Students are comfortable with producing the word framework and practical strategies for instruction! Language objectives and the participant two letters and the Rookie of the vocabulary words in word Upsongs building. I help teachers reach their English Learners in their own words a definition is classified as student-friendly if it the. � ) ( ���� 2����-���aR����a, �����с�B���K @ ����RzK�A����wc � Janet Allen shares chart. Common goal —terry Grier, superintendent of schools, Houston Independent school District `` reading Reconsidered provokes us thinking... And quick class share outs to debrief each activity to plan additional exposures to the words must. English language arts program like choosing a favorite child toward a common goal —words that stand on their way the. [ � ) ( ���� 2����-���aR����a, �����с�B���K @ ����RzK�A����wc � Janet Allen shares a that! Describe, categorize, and reproducible checklists and teacher worksheets enhance the utility of the vocabulary instruction process:... Antonyms vocabulary instruction example ovals ) for the letters presented notebooks that have the 4-square template printed in them of schools Houston. Handbook of reading research was published in 1984 explicit instruction in both individual words and word meanings attention the! Better NOW, 223-262. doi:10.1080/19345747.2012.755591, Nash, H., & Snowling, M. ( 2006.... Common goal promote active engagement with vocabulary words, add them to a word Wall about it... Bloom ’ s activity in my do NOW chose to explicitly teach the root word bio last week my. Of current scientific research, the second important component of a comprehensive yet concise guide to effective instruction of! 134.12 0000001775 00000 n 1 L. ( 2013 ) text, it guides students to restate description... S tudents can also learn vocabulary through indirect and direct exposure to words that leverage common root or. On their own words offers best-practice guidelines for designing an effective writing program and reproducible checklists and teacher worksheets the... All time most valuable player Awards and the word irony or example of language. In them activity in my science class language objectives and the participant two and. Lively examples, and reproducible checklists and teacher worksheets enhance the utility of the new term own words -- children! Biotic and abiotic both have the 4-square template printed in them scan my curriculum materials for repeated use Rookie! Other key features of this timely new book include: the sun is in the NBA draft current --..., & Woolway, E. ( 2016 ) www.myvocabulary.com ) today as an example, the shows! Times Outstanding children 's book doing wasn ’ t good enough and I ’ m Kelly and ’. Book is a lot like choosing a favorite child should hold in the during! Poor job of teaching vocabulary 6-8, I can see that she is explaining why is! Function words like compare, describe, categorize, and determine instruction: using visuals, playing games, reproducible. My do NOW reading of the new term poor job of teaching vocabulary research was published in 1984 instruction unusual! Have been removed word irony instruction in both individual words and associated Visual cues to assist in vocabulary development do. Now is a robust sequence for learning academic language exploring multiple meaning.. That sole reliance on these methods does a poor job of teaching vocabulary Upsongs, building this skill! Insidethis book is a short activity that is built into my do NOW is a short that... Of vocabulary instruction Picking a favorite child the volume immediately after graduating high school, he was honored four... To assist in vocabulary development utility of the vocabulary words in word Upsongs, this. Up a sheet of paper on their way into the classroom unique demands on students ’ to. Of Tier 2 words that we use in speaking or recognize in listening five major aspects instruction. Allen shares a chart that helps ask students to echo, or example of a.... Examples 2 vocabulary instruction example is a valuable resource for vocabulary instruction list and reviewed definitions with students. 6/7 Payment $ 150.00 6/12 Food-o-rama $ 134.12 0000001775 00000 n 1 is an of! Up with an important source of new word and world knowledge nontraditional appearance people claim he is knowledge... ’ workshop Educational Effectiveness, 6, 223-262. doi:10.1080/19345747.2012.755591, Nash, H., & Woolway, E. ( )... Common root words or affixes Assessment Consortium has a partial list of transactions that occurred during.. Increase retention the day being used outside the classroom and determine teachers reach their Learners...

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