"[31] In the 18th century, the Evangelical Revival was led by ministers such as Ebenezer Erskine, William M'Culloch (the minister who presided over the Cambuslang Work of 1742), and James Robe (minister at Kilsyth). [7], In the early days of the nineteenth century, western New York State was called the "burned-over district" because of the highly publicized revivals that crisscrossed the region. [27] Three teachings that Methodists saw as the foundation of Christian faith were: John Wesley's organisational skills during and after the peak of revivalism established him as the primary founder of the Methodist movement. [25] Wesley was at first uneasy about preaching outdoors as it was contrary to his high-church sense of decency. Most of the Scots-Irish immigrants before the American Revolutionary War settled in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and down the spine of the Appalachian Mountains in present-day Maryland and Virginia, where Presbyterian emigrants and Baptists held large outdoor gatherings in the years prior to the war. [16] His preaching attracted large crowds who were drawn to his simple message of the necessity of the new birth as well as by his manner of delivery. Besides Boston, Tennent preached in towns throughout Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. [9], Whitefield joined the Holy Club in 1733 and, under the influence of Charles Wesley, read German pietist August Hermann Francke's Against the Fear of Man and Scottish theologian Henry Scougal's The Life of God in the Soul of Man (the latter work was a favorite of Puritans). The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement during the early nineteenth century. [85] This introspection led many women to keep diaries or write memoirs. [14] Upon their return home, most converts joined or created small local churches, which grew rapidly. "The Second Great Awakening in the Urban Centers: An Examination of Methodism and the 'New Measures, Cott, Nancy F. "Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England,". [44] More active participation in politics by more segments of the population brought religious and moral issues into the political sphere. [73] Jonathan Edwards' sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" is an example of such preaching. His rants and attacks against "unconverted" ministers inspired much opposition, and he was arrested in Connecticut for violating a law against itinerant preaching. The first phase (1795–1810) was associated with frontier camp meetings conducted by American preachers James McGready, John McGee, and Barton W. Stone in Kentucky and Tennessee.The second and more conservative phase of the awakening (1810–25) centred in the Congregational churches of New England … [50] On September 20, Whitefield preached in First Church and then outside of it to about 8,000 people who could not gain entrance. [45], The Northampton revival featured instances of what critics called enthusiasm but what supporters believed were signs of the Holy Spirit. [100], The idea of a "great awakening" has been contested by historian Jon Butler as vague and exaggerated. The Moravians came to Herrnhut as refugees, but under Zinzendorf's guidance, the group enjoyed a religious revival. Especially in the Baptist Church, African Americans were welcomed as members and as preachers. [63] While the fervor of the Awakening would fade, the acceptance of revivalism and insistence on personal conversion would remain recurring features in 18th and 19th-century Presbyterianism. Unconditional election relates to the doctrine of predestination—that before the creation of the world God determined who would be saved (the elect) on the basis of his own choosing. While the Evangelical Revival united evangelicals across various denominations around shared beliefs, it also led to division in existing churches between those who supported the revivals and those who did not. and Ph.D. in History from The University of Texas at Austin. [41], The most influential evangelical revival was the Northampton revival of 1734–1735 under the leadership of Congregational minister Jonathan Edwards. It led to the founding of several well known colleges, seminaries and mission societies. Scougal wrote that many people mistakenly understood Christianity to be "Orthodox Notions and Opinions" or "external Duties" or "rapturous Heats and extatic Devotion". We hear tele-evangelists begging for money to be given to them so they may impart some blessing to the watcher. [9][10] In England, the major leaders of the Evangelical Revival were three Anglican priests, the brothers John and Charles Wesley and their friend George Whitefield. Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity. [9], The origins of revivalism in Scotland stretch back to the 1620s. The revivals also followed an arc of great emotional power, with an emphasis on the individual's sins and need to turn to Christ, and a sense of restoring personal salvation. The failure of his mission and encounters with the Moravians led Wesley to question his own faith. While the movement unified the colonies and boosted church growth, experts say it also caused division between those who supported it and those who rejected it. By 1729, Tennent was seeing signs of revival in the Presbyterian churches of New Brunswick and Staten Island. [47], George Whitefield first came to America in 1738 to preach in Georgia and found Bethesda Orphanage. This growth was primarily due to an influx of former New Light Congregationalists who became convinced of Baptist doctrines, such as believer's baptism. Postmillennialist theology dominated American Protestantism in the first half of the 19th century. [citation needed]. Edwards cautiously defended these experiences as long as they led individuals to a greater belief in God's glory rather than in self-glorification. For some, such preaching was only acceptable within their own churches and communities. [74], Revivalists counseled those under conviction to apply the means of grace to their lives. Both John and Charles were preaching in London and winning converts. When the Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia met in May 1741, the Old Side expelled the New Side, which then reorganized itself into the Synod of New York. At his trial, he was found mentally ill and deported to Long Island. Professor Alan Heimert sees a major impact, but most historians think it had only a minor impact. "The Communion Sermons of James Mcgready: Sacramental Theology and Scots-Irish Piety on the Kentucky Frontier", Meyer, Neil. Bratt, James D. "Religious Anti-revivalism in Antebellum America", Carwardine, Richard J. [71], The conviction stage lasted so long because potential converts were waiting to find evidence of regeneration within their lives. The first revival to receive widespread publicity was that precipitated by an earthquake in 1727. [26] From then on he continued to preach wherever he could gather an assembly, taking the opportunity to recruit followers to the movement. "[13] Whitefield wrote that "though I had fasted, watched and prayed, and received the Sacrament long, yet I never knew what true religion was" until he read Scougal. Old Lights saw the religious enthusiasm and itinerant preaching unleashed by the Awakening as disruptive to church order, preferring formal worship and a settled, university-educated ministry. An Elegiac Poem On the Death of that celebrated Divine, and eminent Servant of Jesus Christ, the Reverend and Learned Mr. George Whitefield. [52] Following the intervention of two pro-revival "New Light" ministers, Davenport's mental state apparently improved, and he published a retraction of his earlier excesses. [24][23] Whitefield's notoriety was increased through the use of newspaper advertisements to promote his revivals. [12] On April 2, 1739, Wesley first preached to about 3,000 people near Bristol. "The Frontier Camp Meeting: Contemporary and Historical Appraisals, 1805–1840". The first stage was conviction of sin, which was spiritual preparation for faith by God's law and the means of grace. [50], Whitefield then traveled to Northampton at the invitation of Jonathan Edwards. Edwards wrote to Boston minister Benjamin Colman that the town "never was so full of Love, nor so full of Joy, nor so full of distress as it has lately been. [56], The Baptists benefited the most from the Great Awakening. By May, he was preaching to London crowds of 50,000. Further, Whitefield violated protocol by preaching in another priest's parish without permission.[12]. 4 (March 1991), p. 1218 and 1237. International Conference of Reformed Churches, North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council, 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ethnocultural politics in the United States, "Backcountry Religious Ways: The North British Field-Meeting Style", "Religious Transformation and the Second Great Awakening", Introducing Black Harry Hoosier: The History Behind Indiana's Namesake, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) in the U.S. and Canada, Christian churches and churches of Christ, Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&oldid=1005924075, History of Christianity in the United States, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [46], Edwards wrote an account of the Northampton revival, A Faithful Narrative, which was published in England through the efforts of prominent evangelicals John Guyse and Isaac Watts. Subsequent meetings followed at the nearby Gasper River and Muddy River congregations. He established a seminary called the Log College where he trained nearly 20 Presbyterian revivalists for the ministry, including his three sons and Samuel Blair. [29] His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.[30]. By the late 1840s, however, the great day had receded to the distant future, and postmillennialism became a more passive religious dimension of the wider middle-class pursuit of reform and progress. Objecting to the Halfway Covenant, Strict Congregationalists required evidence of conversion for church membership and also objected to the semi–presbyterian Saybrook Platform, which they felt infringed on congregational autonomy. This process generally took place over an extended time. [94], Samuel Davies was a Presbyterian minister who later became the fourth president of Princeton University. We often hear in the media of the blunders of false preachers spinning tales of over-spiritualized ecstasy and practices that have no reference in the Bible. The First Great Awakening (sometimes Great Awakening) or the Evangelical Revival was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its thirteen North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. [69] This moderate revival theology consisted of a three-stage process. The Great Awakening notably altered the religious climate in the American colonies. . The search for assurance required conscious effort on the part of a convert and took months or even years to achieve. This duty extended beyond American borders to include Christian Restorationism. “This book has taught me more about our history than any I’ve read in years. [2] It rejected the skepticism, deism, Unitarianism, and rationalism left over from the American Enlightenment,[3] about the same time that similar movements flourished in Europe. The treatise Religious Affections by Jonathan Edwards was written to help converts examine themselves for the presence of genuine "religious affections" or spiritual desires, such as selfless love of God, certitude in the divine inspiration of the gospel, and other Christian virtues. Women made up a large part of these voluntary societies. [36], The greatest change in women's roles stemmed from participation in newly formalized missionary and reform societies. Young people (those under 25) also converted in greater numbers, and were the first to convert. In the American colonies the Awakening caused the Congregational and Presbyterian churches to split, while it strengthened both the Methodist and Baptist denominations. [81] Converts were encouraged to seek assurance through self-examination of their own spiritual progress. [citation needed] Another key component of the revivalists' techniques was the camp meeting. The idea of restoring a "primitive" form of Christianity grew in popularity in the U.S. after the American Revolution. It is Christ formed within us. These often provided the first encounter for some settlers with organized religion, and they were important as social venues. [65] While initially resistant, well-established Yale University came to embrace revivalism and played a leading role in American evangelicalism for the next century. A Patriot's History of the United States should be required reading for all Americans.”--Glenn Beck A welcome, refreshing, and solid contribution to relearning what we have forgotten and remembering why this nation is good, and worth defending. While antirevivalists such as Timothy Cutler heavily criticized Tennent's preaching, most of Boston's ministers were supportive. Early Baptist congregations were formed by slaves and free African Americans in South Carolina and Virginia. He understood conversion to be the experience of moving from spiritual deadness to joy in the knowledge of one's election (that one had been chosen by God for salvation). The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. The revivalists use of "indiscriminate" evangelism—the "practice of extending the gospel promises to everyone in their audiences, without stressing that God redeems only those elected for salvation"—was contrary to these notions. It is estimated that between 20,000 and 50,000 new members were admitted to New England's Congregational churches even as expectations for members increased. I lived quite careless what will become of me when I die; but I now see such a life will never do, and I come to you, Sir, that you may tell me some good things, concerning Jesus Christ, and my Duty to GOD, for I am resolved not to live any more as I have done. [14][15] In 1736, he began preaching in Bristol and London. [101] Historians have debated whether the Awakening had a political impact on the American Revolution which took place soon after. In 1735, Howell Harris and Daniel Rowland experienced a religious conversion and began preaching to large crowds throughout South Wales. The Methodists had an efficient organization that depended on itinerant ministers, known as "circuit riders", who sought out people in remote frontier locations. Thus, evangelical converts were leading figures in a variety of 19th century reform movements. This page was last edited on 10 February 2021, at 02:58. By the time of Wesley's death in 1791, there were over 71,668 Methodists in England and 43,265 in America. [3] As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period, revival meetings cut across geographical boundaries. Wesley and his assistant preachers organised the new converts into Methodist societies. Because Calvinists believed in election and predestination, some thought it inappropriate to preach to strangers that they could repent and receive salvation. [61][62] By 1758, the Old Side–New Side split in the Presbyterian Church had been healed and the two factions reunited. They mocked revivalists as being ignorant, heterodox or con artists. There were also societies that broadened their focus from traditional religious concerns to larger societal ones. [48] From Philadelphia, Whitefield traveled to New York and then to the South. [citation needed], As Calvinists, revivalists also preached the doctrines of original sin and unconditional election. A year later, in August 1801, an even larger sacrament occasion that is generally considered to be America's first camp meeting was held at Cane Ridge in Bourbon County, Kentucky, under Barton W. Stone (1772–1844) with numerous Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist ministers participating in the services. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery, greed, and poverty, laying the groundwork for later reform movements. The revival movement permanently affected Protestantism as adherents strove to renew individual piety and religious devotion. In some cases, entire Separatist congregations accepted Baptist beliefs. These figures paved the way for the establishment of the first Black congregations and churches in the American colonies. Revivalists taught that assurance could only be gained through actively seeking to grow in grace and holiness through mortification of sin and utilizing the means of grace. I never saw the Christian spirit in Love to Enemies so exemplified, in all my Life as I have seen it within this half-year. Evangelicals considered the new birth to be "a bond of fellowship that transcended disagreements on fine points of doctrine and polity", allowing Anglicans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and others to cooperate across denominational lines. [51] On Tuesday, he preached at Second Church and on Wednesday at Harvard University. Tired of being a Preacher's daughter and longing to experience more of life, 20-something ANGIE KING strikes out on her own for the very first time and joins a … The third stage was consolation, which was searching and receiving assurance of salvation. [67] Revival theology focused on the way of salvation, the stages by which a person receives Christian faith and then expresses that faith in the way they live. The autobiography of Hannah Heaton (1721–94), a farm wife of North Haven, Connecticut, tells of her experiences in the Great Awakening, her encounters with Satan, her intellectual and spiritual development, and daily life on the farm. After a period of spiritual struggle, Whitefield experienced conversion during Lent in 1735. "[37] In the 1710s and 1720s, revivals became more frequent among New England Congregationalists. "[87][non-primary source needed] Wheatley became so influenced by the revivals and especially George Whitefield that she dedicated a poem to him after his death in which she referred to him as an "Impartial Saviour". [99] Before the American Revolution, the first black Baptist churches were founded in the South in Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia; two Black Baptist churches were founded in Petersburg, Virginia. The name refers to belief in the soon Second Advent of Jesus (popularly known as the Second coming) and resulted in several major religious denominations, including Seventh-day Adventists and Advent Christians.[22]. They did not stem entirely from the Second Great Awakening, but the revivalist doctrine and the expectation that one's conversion would lead to personal action accelerated the role of women's social benevolence work. The Great Awakening marked the emergence of Anglo-American evangelicalism as a trans-denominational movement within the Protestant churches. Services became more emotional and some people had visions and mystical experiences. The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing, shouting, and singing associated with these events. By the time he left England for the colony of Georgia in December 1737, Whitefield had become a celebrity. Revivals would continue to spread to the southern backcountry and slave communities in the 1750s and 1760s. These revivals would also spread to Ulster and featured "marathon extemporaneous preaching and excessive popular enthusiasm. Opponents accused the revivals of fostering disorder and fanaticism within the churches by enabling uneducated, itinerant preachers and encouraging religious enthusiasm. "[18], Back in London, Wesley became friends with Moravian minister Peter Boehler and joined a Moravian small group called the Fetter Lane Society. [78], Regeneration was always accompanied by saving faith, repentance and love for God—all aspects of the conversion experience, which typically lasted several days or weeks under the guidance of a trained pastor. [37] Through women's positions in these organizations, women gained influence outside of the private sphere. [38][39], Changing demographics of gender also affected religious doctrine. And the Reason why Congregations have been so dead, is because dead Men preach to them. There were prayers at King's Chapel (at the time an Anglican church) and preaching at Brattle Street Church and South Church. Whitefield stayed in Georgia for three months to establish Bethesda Orphanage before returning to England in December.

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